Pinyin query: 110 lines of trie code, word frequency boosting, atomic user dictionary persistence. This is part 4/8 of the TUX IM Dev Log: From Zero to 0.1 series. Part 4 · Pinyin Mode: trie, Word Frequency, User Dictionary This post starts the technical deep dive. Pinyin query is the hottest code path in the... » read more

The InputMode protocol wasn’t designed — it was carved out by bugs, one by one. This is part 3/8 of the TUX IM Dev Log: From Zero to 0.1 series. Part 3 · The Core Architecture Carved Out by 6 Bug Fixes The previous post covered crashes — but crashes are just the surface. Beneath... » read more

IBus engine crash = desktop crash. 8 pitfalls nearly made me give up, and how cddcb40 saved the day. This is part 2/8 of the TUX IM Dev Log: From Zero to 0.1 series. Part 2 · The First Scream of the IBus Engine — How I Crashed the Daemon In Part 1, I set... » read more

TUX IM started from 5 files, 132 lines of Python. This is part 1/8 of the TUX IM Dev Log: From Zero to 0.1 series. Part 1 · From an Empty Repo to the First Character ‘Di’ — Why I Rewrote an Input Method Prologue: Why an Input Method? In spring 2026, I was typing... » read more

Writing an OS Kernel from Scratch – Part 12: stdin/stdout/stderr in VFS — Making User Programs “Talk”! # Writing an OS Kernel from Scratch – Part 12: stdin/stdout/stderr in VFS — Making User Programs “Talk”! “Your OS can run user programs, but how do they interact with the outside world? Today, we wrap the serial... » read more

Writing an OS Kernel from Scratch – Part 23: Framebuffer — Run Your OS on a Graphical Interface! “VGA text mode can only display characters; a real graphical interface requires pixel-level control. Today, we implement the Framebuffer driver, enabling your OS to draw points, lines, rectangles, and even display images!” In previous posts, our output... » read more

Tiny Trick: Embedded Filesystem in Kernel — Stuffing init Right Into the Kernel Binary! When your kernel doesn’t yet support reading disks or filesystems, how do you support a simple filesystem in a temporary way? Today’s trick — compile the filesystem directly into the kernel! No disk needed, no driver needed, the kernel executes init... » read more

Writing an OS Kernel from Scratch | Windows GPT+UEFI Boot: ESP Partition, NVRAM Boot Entries & Secure Boot Explained The previous chapter covered MBR+BIOS mode Windows boot, where the System Reserved partition is the core anchor — BOOTMGR and BCD live in that 100MB FAT32 partition, and BIOS finds it via the MBR active partition... » read more

Writing an OS Kernel from Scratch – Part 2: Hello World Analysis “You think ‘Hello World’ is just printing a line? In an OS kernel, it hides the secrets of boot flow, memory layout, and hardware protocols.” In the previous post, we successfully had our kernel output “Hello from the kernel!” on QEMU. Looks simple,... » read more

Long Article 101: Memory Management – Boot Phase: Memory Layout from Real Mode to Paging “The kernel code is linked at 1MB+, but the CPU starts in real mode — today we unveil the boot phase memory layout and see how the kernel safely enables paging!” In the OS boot process, memory management is the... » read more

15 Lines of Code to Teach AI to Turn Lights On and Off: A Smart Energy-Saving Butler with Neural Networks No rules, no if-else, just “trial and error + reward” — let AI learn to intelligently control lighting. This is the magic of Reinforcement Learning! Problem: When Should the Light Be On? Is your home... » read more

Writing an OS Kernel from Scratch – Part 2: Hello World Analysis “You think ‘Hello World’ is just printing a line? In an OS kernel, it hides the secrets of boot flow, memory layout, and hardware protocols.” In the previous post, we successfully had our kernel output “Hello from the kernel!” on QEMU. Looks simple,... » read more

Writing an OS Kernel from Scratch – Part 10: Virtual File System and ext2 Implementation “Initramfs is just a toy; a real OS needs persistent storage. Today, we design the VFS abstraction layer and implement the first disk filesystem — ext2!” In the previous post, we used an in-memory Initramfs for user program loading, but... » read more

Writing an OS Kernel from Scratch – Part 21: Implementing a Terminal — Make Your Shell Truly Interactive! “Your shell can run commands, but how does the user edit commands, handle backspace, or respond to Ctrl+C? Today, we implement a full terminal (Terminal) supporting line editing, signals, and job control!” In the previous post, we... » read more

Teach an AI Beginner to Define Their Own Model and Implement Image Classification in 30 Minutes Have you ever wondered: “What does an AI model actually look like? Can I write one myself?” “Online tutorials are too complex, all code, totally incomprehensible” “I want to learn AI but don’t know where to start” Don’t worry!... » read more

Writing an OS Kernel from Scratch 201: Storage System – VFS: Designing a Unified File Abstraction Layer “In a custom OS, how do you make open/read/write work with both ext2 and procfs? This article designs a VFS abstraction layer from scratch, building four core objects, implementing path resolution and caching, providing a unified interface for... » read more

Writing an OS Kernel from Scratch – Part 19: User and Kernel Address Space — Building Secure Virtual Memory Boundaries “All processes share kernel code, but must never peek at each other; user programs roam freely but cannot cross the boundary. Today, we design the higher-half kernel mapping, achieving perfect isolation and efficient sharing of... » read more

Writing an OS Kernel from Scratch – Part 28: Window Manager — Controlling Windows via Keyboard “No mouse? No problem! Real geeks control everything with the keyboard. Today, we implement a Window Manager (WM), moving and resizing windows via keyboard shortcuts!” In previous posts, we built a userspace Display Server, Launcher, and multiple applications, but... » read more

Writing an OS Kernel from Scratch – Part 18: Multi-core Support — Make Your OS Truly Parallel! “Single-core scheduling is just pseudo-concurrency; the real performance leap is multi-core! Today, we wake up all CPU cores and implement SMP (Symmetric Multi-Processing) support!” In the previous post, we implemented a preemptive scheduler, but all tasks still switched... » read more

Writing an OS Kernel from Scratch – Part 3: Multiboot Protocol Explained — The “Universal Language” Between Kernel and Bootloader Your kernel is written, but how does GRUB “recognize” it? The secret lies in a protocol called Multiboot. In the first two posts, we successfully ran our kernel on QEMU and understood the linker script... » read more